Delaware County Personal Injury Attorney On Delaware County, PA Personal Injury Slip and Falls

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Automobile accidents and fall down cases are the most common types of lawsuit for personal injuries. The legal principles involved with these two types of cases differ greatly. I examine here the hurdles that must be overcome in order to receive fair compensation for injuries suffered as the result of a fall.

Generally, the most difficult problem involves the question of notice. The injured victim must prove that the defendant either created the hazard which caused the injury, or that the defendant knew or should have known of the hazard long enough before the accident to have removed or repaired it.

For example, when a pedestrian trips on a crack in a sidewalk, the P. I. attorney hopes to find someone who lives in the area of the accident who knows that the crack existed for a long time. Or photos may show that the crack was not of recent origin. It is then easy to show that the property owner should have known of it and should have had the crack repaired. The city where the accident happened may also have liability in sidewalk cases for failure to enforce the municipal requirements that sidewalks be kept in good repair. This is particularly important when the property owner carries no insurance on the property. In this situation, the government may be the only defendant against whom a money judgment can be collected. The city becomes the "deep pocket" or "target" defendant.

The next issue that almost always comes up in these cases is the victim's own failure to be careful. This is called "comparative negligence." (See Chapter 9 of the complete book for a discussion of comparative negligence.) Defendants argue that the claimant should have seen the hazard and avoided it. While this argument often reduces the total amount of compensation received, it usually does not defeat the claim outright. There may be valid reasons why the hazard was not seen. For example, when a customer in a grocery store slips on grapes, the customer's attention may have been drawn by a catchy advertisement or display put up by the store. This is a reasonable explanation which, if believed, should enable you to receive full compensation.

A thorough and prompt investigation can make all the difference in the outcome of fall down cases. Witness statements must be obtained and photographs of the hazard must be taken. Even short delays can hurt the case since memories fade rapidly and hazards get repaired quickly when injuries occur.

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Delaware County Personal Injury Attorney On Delaware County, PA Personal Injury Slip and Falls

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Automobile accidents and fall down cases are the most common types of lawsuit for personal injuries. The legal principles involved with these two types of cases differ greatly. I examine here the hurdles that must be overcome in order to receive fair compensation for injuries suffered as the result of a fall.

Generally, the most difficult problem involves the question of notice. The injured victim must prove that the defendant either created the hazard which caused the injury, or that the defendant knew or should have known of the hazard long enough before the accident to have removed or repaired it.

For example, when a pedestrian trips on a crack in a sidewalk, the P. I. attorney hopes to find someone who lives in the area of the accident who knows that the crack existed for a long time. Or photos may show that the crack was not of recent origin. It is then easy to show that the property owner should have known of it and should have had the crack repaired. The city where the accident happened may also have liability in sidewalk cases for failure to enforce the municipal requirements that sidewalks be kept in good repair. This is particularly important when the property owner carries no insurance on the property. In this situation, the government may be the only defendant against whom a money judgment can be collected. The city becomes the "deep pocket" or "target" defendant.

The next issue that almost always comes up in these cases is the victim's own failure to be careful. This is called "comparative negligence." (See Chapter 9 of the complete book for a discussion of comparative negligence.) Defendants argue that the claimant should have seen the hazard and avoided it. While this argument often reduces the total amount of compensation received, it usually does not defeat the claim outright. There may be valid reasons why the hazard was not seen. For example, when a customer in a grocery store slips on grapes, the customer's attention may have been drawn by a catchy advertisement or display put up by the store. This is a reasonable explanation which, if believed, should enable you to receive full compensation.

A thorough and prompt investigation can make all the difference in the outcome of fall down cases. Witness statements must be obtained and photographs of the hazard must be taken. Even short delays can hurt the case since memories fade rapidly and hazards get repaired quickly when injuries occur.

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Delaware County, PA Personal Injury Attorney On Delaware County Personal Injury Assumption of Risk

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Defendants may contend that plaintiff assumed the risk of an accident. The burden of showing voluntary assumption of risk and contributory negligence is on the defendants. Whitley v. Philadelphia Transportation Company, 234 A. 2d 922, 925 (Pa. Super. 1967).

The doctrine of assumption of risk "has been very problematic and has fallen from the favor of some of the judiciary and legal commentators. In fact, the doctrine as a separate affirmative defense has only narrowly survived abolishment by our Supreme Court." Bullman v. Giuntoli, PICS No. 00-1904.

The assumption of risk defense is made out only by showing that a person "with appreciation and knowledge of an obvious danger, purposely elects to abandon a position of relative safety and chooses to reposition himself in a place of obvious danger and by reason of that repositioning is injured." McIntyre v. Cusick, 372 A. 2d 864, 866 (Pa. Super. 1977)."

The defense of assumption of the risk will not prevent recovery unless the evidence conclusively establishes that the plaintiff was subjectively aware of the risk and voluntarily assumed it. Barrett v. Fredavid Builders, Inc., 685 A.2d 129 (Pa. Super. 1996). Voluntariness is established only when the circumstances manifest a willingness to accept the risk. Staub v. Toy Factory, Inc., 749 A.2d 522 (Pa. Super. 2000). Mere contributory negligence does not establish assumption of the risk. Id.

Rather, a plaintiff has assumed the risk where he has gone so far as to abandon his right to complain and has absolved the defendant from taking any responsibility for the plaintiff's injuries. Id. In order to prevail on assumption of risk, the defendant must establish both the "awareness of the risk" prong and the "voluntariness" prong. Id.

The defense is not available unless it is beyond question, such that no two reasonable minds could differ, that the plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly proceeded in the face of an obvious and dangerous condition. Hardy v. Southland Corp., 645 A. 2d 839 (Pa. Super. 1994), citing, Howell v. Clyde, 620 A. 2d 1107 (Pa. 1993). Assumption of the risk cannot be used as a defense unless it is shown that plaintiff "must have appreciated the danger itself and the nature, character and extent which made it unreasonable." Crance v. Sohanic, 496 A. 2d 1230, 1232 (Pa. Super. 1985).

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Hughes v. Seven Springs Farm, Inc., 762 A.2d 399 (Pa. 2000), discussed the status of the doctrine of assumption of
risk in light of the passage of the comparative negligence statute and
stated that as a general rule, the doctrine of assumption of the risk, with its
attendant "complexities" and "difficulties," has been supplanted by the
Pennsylvania General Assembly's adoption of a system of recovery based on
comparative fault in the Comparative Negligence Act. 42 Pa.C.S.A. §7102(a)-(b). Where plaintiff tried to minimize her risk of falling, but fell nevertheless, she did not voluntarily assume the risk of falling. Barrett v. Fredavid Builders, Inc., 685 A.2d 129 (Pa. Super. 1996).

Finally, in Giosa v. School District of Philadelphia, 630 A.2d 511 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1993), defendant argued that the plaintiff assumed the risk of slipping on an icy sidewalk, "because Giosa fully understood the risk involved in walking on the sidewalk, and yet voluntarily chose to encounter it." Id. The Court held that since defendant owed plaintiff, a member of the general public, a duty to keep the public sidewalks clear from any dangerous conditions, the doctrine of assumption of risk did not apply. Id. Similarly, defendants owed plaintiff, Fran Kellenbenz, as a member of the general public, a duty to keep their sidewalk clear from any dangerous conditions. Similarly, the doctrine of assumption of risk does not apply and the Court should not charge the jury thereon.

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Evaluating Minimum Auto Insurance Requirements

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Different states will require varying insurance requirements. It is therefore significant to educate yourself about your state's minimum auto insurance requirements. This is equally important when you're planning to move to a new state. Knowing these important information will be a critical factor if you want get maximum protection for you in the event of accidents.

Understand Your Auto Insurance Numbers

A series of three numbers are normally used by auto insurance companies to refer to property damage and bodily injury coverage. In Arizona, for example, the minimum auto insurance coverage requirements are stated as 15-30-10-$15,000 for the maximum amount to be paid for a single person injured in an accident or the bodily injury liability; $30,000 for the maximum amount to be paid for all injuries in an accident, also a bodily injury liability; and $10,000 the maximum amount to be paid for property damage or the property damage liability.

Educate Yourself about Minimum Insurance Requirements

Talk to a reliable agent or source or search the Net for accurate data regarding the minimum auto insurance requirements. And since different states will have varying features for this, it is important to know the one being implemented at the stat you are in or you are moving into.

Determine the Extent of the Requirements

It is important to be able to check whether the state's minimum auto insurance covers not only but also your family. Be sure to check the accuracy of the coverage based on the quote you have gotten from the insurance company. If covering the entire family means having to pay larger premiums, then don't hesitate to do so. Paying for bodily injury and other important liabilities will be a great help for you in the event of an accident involving any member.

Check If You're in a No-Fault State

Florida, Hawaii, D.C., Delaware, Minnesota, Kentucky, Maryland, Kansas, Massachusetts, Utah, Michigan, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Dakota, Texas, and Washington are states that observe the no-fault policy. In these states, insurance companies are required legally to cover the policy holder's losses, regardless of who's held responsible for the accident.

Knowing all these are important in evaluating your auto insurance policy. Make sure to keep your proof of auto insurance and to know well everything written on it so you will be knowledgeable of what you're responsible of and liable to.

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